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Ailing climate change: The world at risk of a health crisis

2022-08-18 16:52:42Kosova&Bota SHKRUAR NGA REDAKSIA VOX
Ailing climate change: The world at risk of a health crisis
The Asian or tiger mosquito as it is known can transmit many viruses

Scientists have sounded the alarm: Many diseases become more resistant when the weather goes to extremes such as heat and floods. Immunity declines and diseases spread faster around the world.

Ndryshimi i klimës i shkaktuar nga njeriu favorizon shumë përhapjen dhe shpërthimin e sëmundjeve infektive. Në këtë përfundim kanë ardhur autorët e një studimi të Universitetit të Havajit, botuar në revistën shkencore “Nature”. “Ishte e tmerrshme të shikoje çfarë rreziku përbëjnë emisionet e dioksidit të karbonit për shëndetin,” thotë Camillo Mora, profesor në shkollën College for Social Science në Universitetin e Havajit dhe autori kryesor i studimit.

Studiuesit panë gjatë vlerësimit të më shumë se 800 punimeve shkencore se 58 përqind e sëmundjeve infektive të studiuara bëhen më rezistente nga ndryshimi i klimës. Në më shumë se tre mijë raste u dëshmua lidhja që ekziston midis tyre. Nga 375 sëmundjet e studiuara, sipas studimit, 160 mund të bëhen më rezistente nga nxehtësia, 121 nga përmbytjet, 71 nga stuhitë, 81 nga thatësira dhe 43 nga ngrohja e detrave.

“Trazirat shoqërore të krijuara nga pandemia e COVID-19 japin një vlerësim shqetësues për krizën në rritje të shëndetit të nxitur nga ndryshimi i klimës,” thuhet në studim.

Ndotje e ujërave nga thatësirat dhe stuhitë

Lidhjet midis ndryshimit të klimës dhe sëmundjeve janë shumë të ndryshme: Mungesa e ujit dhe ushqimit shkaktuar nga thatësirat bëjnë për shembull që kafshët e egra të guxojnë t’i afrohen më shumë zonave të banuara. Nga kjo rritet rreziku për njerëzit, të cilët infektohen me sëmundje të transmetueshme nga kafshët dhe parazitët.

Thatësirat bëjnë që njerëzit të jenë të detyruar të pijnë ujëra të ndotura. Kështu shkaktohen sëmundjet e diarresë ose kolerës.

Stuhitë, reshjet e mëdha dhe përmbytjet mund të dëmtojnë rrugët, kabllot e rrymës ose sistemin e ujrave të zeza dhe të ndërpresin furnizimin me ujë të pastër dhe të pijshëm. Ngjarje të tilla kanë bërë në të kaluarën që të shpërthejnë hepatitis A dhe E, sëmundja e rotavirusit dhe e tifos.

I nxehti dobëson sistemin imunitar

Another point: The immune system is weakened by insufficient food caused by droughts and heat waves, making it more susceptible to disease. Stress and other weather extremes can also weaken the immune system of humans and animals.

Researchers have seen, for example, that heat and lack of food cause bats to secrete more viruses, thus favoring the outbreak of the hendra virus. It can cause severe brain infections in humans. Scientists have identified a total of more than 1,000 different possibilities, showing how climate change drives disease outbreaks.

Mosquitoes bring tropical diseases to Europe

High temperatures not only promote the spread of pathogens and increase the risk of infection, they also favor the spread of transmitters, the so-called "vectors". These cause, for example, mosquitoes or other parasites to breed in warm areas. Due to the warming of the earth, they can also live in regions that were not previously inhabited by them.

The study found more than 100 vector-borne diseases becoming more resistant to climate change.

"In Germany and Europe we now see the impact of climate-dependent activities on disease drivers," says Dr. Renke Lühken from the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg (BNITM), speaking to Deutsche Wellen. The virologist is an expert on insect-borne diseases and did not participate in the study discussed above.

Spread of aggressive mosquitoes 

Experts are very concerned about the spread of the Asian tiger mosquito, says Lühken. They are being settled in other parts of Europe is "especially responsible for the outbreak of the Chikungunya virus and the Dengue-Virus in the Mediterranean," the virologist further says. "She is very aggressive and penetrating. It is able to transmit more than 20 different viruses to humans and take the place of native mosquitoes. In addition, it is very adaptable, as far as the choice of breeding site is concerned," adds Artur Jöst, biologist and expert on Asian tiger mosquitoes at the dipterological institute in Speyer.

The tick virus and dengue fever lead to high temperatures in humans, skin irritation and headaches, bone and limb pain. In a 2020 study, researchers from the University of Georgia, USA, warn that by 2050, more than 1.3 billion people will live in areas where the tick virus is prevalent. More than 700 million people will live in temperatures that make year-round transmission possible.

"This is worrying, because there are few approved vaccines against these pathogens," says BNITM's Lühken. 17 percent of all infectious diseases are transmitted by vectors. Nearly 700 million people fall ill each year from a mosquito-borne disease, and more than a million die.

Ailing climate change: The world at risk of a health crisis
The heat and lack of food cause bats to secrete more viruses thus favoring the outbreak of hendra virus.

Reducing CO2 helps fight disease

The president of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Lothar Wieler, calls for more attention to be paid to exotic diseases in Germany. "Climate change has caused the area where mosquitoes and ticks live to expand in Germany," Wieler told reporters. "Many species of mosquitoes and ticks can transmit pathogens of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections," says Wieler. "Even the return of malaria is possible."

According to the scientists of the study published in "Nature", it is difficult and almost impossible to prevent the spread of diseases that are driven by climate change, or to adapt to them. Because pathogens and transmission routes are numerous. Therefore, they think that "aggressive treatment" is needed to reduce the emissions of gases that cause the greenhouse effect./ DW


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