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From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world

2022-08-24 20:33:00Histori SHKRUAR NGA REDAKSIA VOX
From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the
10 Muslim inventions that shaped the modern world

There is a hole in our knowledge: we jump like a frog from the Renaissance to the ancient Greeks, Professor Salim al-Hassani, chairman of the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization and editor of the book "1001 Inventions", tells CNN. Hassani tells CNN the 10 most extraordinary inventions of the Muslim world:

Surgery

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

Around the year 1000, the renowned physician El Zahrawi published a 1,500-page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery, which was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi also discovered the use of disintegrating cat intestines to suture wounds. Before this, a second operation was performed to remove the pegs. He is also said to have performed the first caesarean section and to have invented the surgical pizzette.

The coffee

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

It was produced in Yemen for the first time, around the 9th century. In its early days, coffee helped Sufis stay awake late nights during devotions. It was later brought to Cairo by a group of students, but the coffee movement quickly swept the Empire. Until the 13th century, it reached Turkey, but it did not come to Europe earlier than the 16th century, where it was brought by a merchant from Venice.

Flying car

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person who made a real attempt to build a flying machine. In the 9th century he designed an apparatus with wings, similar to the feathers of a bird. In his most famous trial near Córdoba in Spain, Firnas flew aloft for a few moments before falling to the ground where he partially broke his back. His plans were undoubtedly an inspiration for the famous Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci.

University

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first university degree to be awarded in Fez-Morocco. Her sister, Miriam, built a beautiful mosque and the Qarawiyyin complex was built next to it. These are still in operation today after 1,200 years. Hassani says she hopes commemorating the work of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.

Algebra

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

The word comes from the famous title of the treatise of a Persian mathematician who lived in the 9th century: "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which roughly translates as "The Book of Reasoning and Calculations". Building on the roots of the Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers, and geometric quantities. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.

Optics

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," continued Professor Hassani. Around the year 1000, Ibn al-Haytham proved that people see objects by the light reflected off them, which enters the eye, thus refuting the theories of Euclid and Ptolemy that said that light is emitted by the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the phenomenon of the dark room, which explains how the eye sees vertical images due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.

music

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

As Hassani explains, Muslim musicians have had a profound influence on Europe, dating back to the era of Charlemagne, who aimed to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba. Among the many instruments that arrived in Europe via the Middle East are the harp and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin. Modern musical scales are derived from the Arabic alphabet.

Toothbrush

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

The Prophet Muhammad popularized the mass use of the first toothbrush around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, He cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath. Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothbrushes.

The crank

Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, many heavy objects were easily moved. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the twelfth century, exploded across the globe leading to the production of everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.

hospital

From coffee to surgery to universities: 10 Muslim inventions that shaped the

Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and university chairs, come from the 9th century in Egypt. The first such medical center was Ahmed Ibn Tulun hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo. The hospital offered free health care to all who needed it, a policy based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are ill. From Cairo, such hospitals spread throughout the Muslim world.

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