
When it comes to competing for the best jobs and resources, education has always been a crucial factor in our success. The population growing up in Europe with tertiary education, which is the highest level, varies significantly across the continent, according to available data. On average, almost a third of adults aged 25-74 in the European Union have a higher education degree, including public and private universities, colleges, technical training institutes and vocational schools. Level of education also varies by age and gender.
Educational levels are defined as low (less than high school), high (secondary school), or high (university studies). The European data agency Eurostat's classification is based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) and refers to:
· 1Low: pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education (ISCED levels 0–2);
· Average: upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED level 3 and 4);
· Higher: tertiary education (ISCED levels 5–8). It includes public and private universities, colleges, technical training institutes and vocational schools.
In 2022, 31.8% of people aged 25-74 in the EU had a higher education, ranging from 17.4% in Romania to 49.8% in Ireland.
The Nordic and Baltic countries have more graduates than the EU average
The percentages of higher education graduates were higher than the EU average in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Sweden and Norway are ranked third and fourth with over 45% of higher education graduates. Of the Latvian population, 44% had a higher education degree. Other Nordic and Baltic countries also had higher than EU average % of tertiary graduates.
In the UK, 43.5% of the population aged 25-74 had a tertiary education, which was above the 'Big Four' EU countries. France (38.2 %) had the highest percentage among them, followed by Spain (38 %). After Romania, Italy had the lowest percentage of tertiary graduates at 18.5%. This figure was also slightly below the EU average in Germany (31.5 %).
The percentage of the population with higher education was significantly lower in the EU candidate countries. Turkey had the highest proportion of the population with low education by far, with two-thirds (61.8%) having less than upper secondary education. This figure was also below 40% in four EU countries, namely Portugal, Italy, Malta and Spain.
In 35 European countries where data are available, women aged 25-34 had a higher rate of higher education attainment than men. In 2022, on average, the percentage of women with higher education was 47.6%, while for men it was 36.5%. With the exception of Finland, the gender gap was significantly higher in the Nordic and Baltic countries in favor of women. Iceland (25.4 percentage points, or pp), Slovenia (23.8 pp) and Slovakia (22.8 pp) recorded the highest difference. Turkey (1.3 pp), Switzerland (3.6 pp) and Germany (4.6 pp) reported the smallest gap, showing that the percentages of women and men with higher education are so close.