UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called coal, oil and gas corporations the "godfathers of climate chaos" who had been distorting the truth and misleading the public for decades.
Just as tobacco advertising was banned because of the health threat, the same should now apply to fossil fuels, he said.
It was his harshest response yet to the industries responsible for much of global warming. The reaction came as new studies showed that the rate of warming is increasing and that global heat records have continued to fall.
Data from the EU's climate service confirms that each of the past 12 months has set a new global temperature record. The high temperatures were driven by human-caused climate change, although they were also given a small boost by the El Nino climate phenomenon.
While a weaker El Nino will soon bring a pause in the record-breaking sequence of months, temperatures will continue to rise in the long term due to emissions of planet-warming gases from human activities.
Last year was the hottest on record and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Wednesday that the record could be broken again this year.
A group of about 50 leading scientists reported separately that the rate of human-caused global warming has continued to increase.
They found that continued high emissions of greenhouse gases mean the world is moving closer to breaching the symbolic 1.5C warming mark on a long-term basis.
In an effort to avoid this outcome, the UN Secretary-General has called for faster political action on climate change and a "crackdown" of the fossil fuel industry.
"We must confront directly those in the fossil fuel industry who have shown a relentless zeal to block progress, over decades," he said.
He said many in the oil, gas and coal industry had been "brazenly duped" by lobbying, legal action and massive advertising campaigns.
"I call on every country to ban advertising from fossil fuel companies," he told an audience in New York.
"And I call on the news media and technology companies to stop advertising fossil fuels," he continued.