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Gropa Mariana: What is located in the deepest oceanic point of the world?

2022-06-03 17:38:27Lifestyle SHKRUAR NGA REDAKSIA VOX
Gropa Mariana: What is located in the deepest oceanic point of the world?
Gropa Mariana: What is located in the deepest oceanic point of the world?

Mariana Pit is the deepest oceanic point on the planet. The crescent-shaped canal is located in the Western Pacific, east of the Mariana Islands near Guam. The region surrounding this pit is important because of its many unique environments, including holes that emit liquid sulfur and carbon dioxide, active mud volcanoes, and marine life that has adapted to pressures 1000 times greater than above sea level.

Its depth is difficult to measure from the surface. But in 2010, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration used sound pulses, estimating the Challenger Deep at 10,994 meters.

An estimate last year, which used pressure sensors, found that the deepest point was actually 10,935 meters. Other estimates vary by less than 305 m. The second deepest point of the ocean, is also found in the Mariana Trench.

The "Mermaid Depth" is located 200 kilometers east of the "Challenger Deep", again with an extraordinary depth of 10,809 m. By comparison Mount Everest has an altitude of 8,848 meters above sea level. So the deepest part of the Mariana Trench is 2,147 meters deeper than the height of the highest mountain in the world today.

The pit is 2,542 km long, and has an average width of only 69 km. Because Guam is a United States territory and the 15 Northern Mariana Islands are governed by a U.S. Commonwealth, it is the U.S. that has jurisdiction over the Mariana Trench.

In 2009, then-President George W. Bush signed the creation of the Mariana Trench National Maritime Monument, which created a protected marine reserve of about 506,000 km2, consisting of the seabed and the waters surrounding the remote islands.

Gropa Mariana: What is located in the deepest oceanic point of the world?

The monument includes most of the Mariana Trench, 21 underwater volcanoes and areas around 3 islands. Experts say Gropa Mariana was created by the process that takes place in a subduction zone, where two large plates of the oceanic crust collide, known as tectonic plates.

In a subduction zone, a portion of the oceanic crust is pushed in and down, immersing itself in the Earth's mantle, the layer beneath the Earth's crust. Where the two parts of the crust intersect, a deep channel forms. In the present case, the crust of the Pacific Ocean is bending under the crust of the Philippines.

The Pacific crust is about 180 million years old. Meanwhile the Plate of the Philippines is newer and smaller than that of the Pacific. The large water pressure at the bottom of the pit is more than 703 kilograms per 1 square meter. So more than 1000 times more than the pressure on the surface of the ocean.

A chain of volcanoes, rising above the ocean waves to form the Mariana Islands, form the crescent-shaped arch of the Mariana Trench. Intertwined with islands, are many strange underwater volcanoes. For example, the Eifuku underwater volcano emits liquid carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents similar to the chimneys of dwelling houses.

The liquid coming out of these chimneys has a temperature of 103 degrees Celsius. The latest scientific expeditions have discovered surprisingly diverse species even in these environments with extreme conditions.

Animals living in the deeper parts of the Mariana Trench survive in complete darkness under extreme pressure, says Natasha Gallo, an expert at the Institute of Oceanography, who studied video footage from renowned director James Cameron's 2012 expedition to the depths of the pit.

Food in the Mariana Trench is extremely limited because the deep gorge is located far from the ground. The terrestrial plant material seldom finds its way to the bottom of the pit, Gallo says, and the dead plankton that sinks beneath the surface must dive thousands of feet to reach the Challenger Deep.

Meanwhile, some microbes rely for their existence on certain chemicals, such as methane or sulfur, while other creatures feed on marine species that are below them in the food chain. Three of the most common organisms at the bottom of the Mariana Trench are xenophiophores, amphipods, and small sea cucumbers (Holothurians).

Meanwhile one of the main predators in the area is a scary-looking fish. Sadly, the depths of the ocean can also serve as a basket for the many debris dumped into the sea.

In a 2017 study published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, a team led by scientists at the University of Newcastle in the United Kingdom showed that man-made chemicals, which have been banned since the 1970s, are still hidden in the deepest parts of the ocean.

Gropa Mariana is also not immune to plastic pollution. A 2018 study published in the journal Geochemical Perspectives found that microplastics were very common in the waters of the Mariana Trench, showing that these plastic parts manage to penetrate to its deepest points.

Received with cuts from LiveScience - Bota.al


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