
Germany and Austria have launched emergency plans over possible gas supply disruptions amid a payment stalemate with Russia.
Russia had demanded that "unfriendly" countries pay for its gas in rubles from 31 March, but the EU, which mainly pays in euros, rejected the idea.
Moscow later appeared to soften its stance, saying payments for rubles would be gradually introduced on Wednesday.
But Germany and Austria have taken the first steps towards gas rationing
Germany called on consumers and companies to reduce consumption pending possible shortages, while Austria said it was tightening its monitoring of the gas market.
Germany receives about half of its gas and a third of its oil from Russia and has warned it could face a recession if supplies suddenly stop.
Neighbouring Austria relies much more on Russia for gas, with the country receiving about 80% from the country, and Austrian Chancellor Carl Nehammer's office said measures such as gas rationing would only come into play in an "immediate crisis".
Under an existing gas emergency plan, the "early warning phase", which Germany and Austria have begun, is the first of three steps designed to prepare the country for a possible supply shortage. In its final phase, governments would bring gas rationing.
German Economy Minister Robert Habeck said the country's gas supplies are protected at the moment, but said he is stepping up precautions in the event of escalation by Russia.
The head of Germany's Bundesnetzagentur network regulator, Klaus Müller, said the aim of the early warning was to avoid a deterioration in supply. He called on consumers and industry to prepare for "all scenarios".
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Russia will not seek payments in rubles from Thursday.
"Payments and delivery is a time-consuming process... from a technological point of view, this is a more prolonged process," he said.